(at the time of the opening of the U.S. Centennial Exposition by President Grant and Emperor Dom Pedro II in Philadelphia, May 10, 1876)
President Ulysses S. Grant (center), Emperor Pedro II (far right), and other dignitaries at the opening ceremony
(images here and at bottom from Brazilian monarchist Arthur Brum)
| Country | Sovereign | Born | Acceded | Consort (born) | Heir (born) |
 Empire of Brazil |  Emperor Dom Pedro II | 2 Dec 1825 | 7 Apr 1831 |  Empress Teresa Cristina (1822) |  Isabel, Princess Imperial (1846) |
 United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland |  Queen Victoria | 24 May 1819 | 20 Jun 1837 |  Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (1841) | |
 Kingdom of Persia |  Naser al-Din Shah Qajar | 16 Jul 1831 | 5 Sep 1848 | Crown Prince Mozaffar (1853) | |
 Austro-Hungarian Empire |  Emperor Franz Joseph I | 18 Aug 1830 | 2 Dec 1848 |  Empress Elisabeth (1837) |  Crown Prince Rudolf (1858) |
 Kingdom of the Netherlands |
 King Willem III | 19 Feb 1817 | 17 Mar 1849 |  Queen Sophie (1818) |  Willem, Prince of Orange (1840) |
 Kingdom of Italy |  King Victor Emanuel II | 14 Mar 1820 |
23 Mar 1849 (Sardinia) 17 Mar 1861 |  Crown Prince Umberto (1844) | |
 Russian Empire |  Emperor Alexander II | 29 Apr 1818 | 2 Mar 1855 |  Empress Maria (1824) |  Tsarevich Alexander (1845) |
| Beylik of Tunis |  Bey Muhammad III as-Sadiq | 7 Feb 1813 | 23 Sep 1859 | ||
 German Empire |  Emperor Wilhelm I | 22 Mar 1797 | 2 Jan 1861 (Prussia) 18 Jan 1871 |  Empress Auguste (1811) |  Crown Prince Friedrich (1831) |
| Ottoman Empire |  Sultan Abdulaziz | 8 Feb 1830 | 25 Jun 1861 |  Crown Prince Murad (1840) | |
 Kingdom of Portugal |  King Luís I | 31 Oct 1838 | 11 Nov 1861 |  Queen Maria Pia (1847) |  Crown Prince Carlos (1863) |
| Khedivate of Egypt |  Khedive Isma'il Pasha | 31 Dec 1830 | 19 Jan 1863 | Prince Tewfik (1852) | |
 Kingdom of Greece |  King George I | 24 Dec 1845 | 27 Jun 1863 |  Queen Olga (1851) | Crown Prince Constantine (1868) |
 Kingdom of Denmark |  King Christian IX | 8 Apr 1818 | 16 Nov 1863 |  Queen Louise (1817) |  Crown Prince Frederik (1843) |
 Kingdom of Joseon (Korea) |  King Gojong | 8 Sep 1852 | 13 Dec 1863 |  Queen Min (1851) | Crown Prince Sunjong (1874) |
 Kingdom of Belgium |  King Leopold II | 9 Apr 1835 | 17 Dec 1865 |  Queen Marie Henriette (1836) |  Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders (1837) |
 Empire of Japan |  Emperor Mutsuhito | 3 Nov 1852 | 3 Feb 1867 |  Empress Masako (1849) | |
 Kingdom of Siam |  King Chulalongkorn | 20 Sep 1853 | 1 Oct 1868 |  Viceroy Wichaichan (1838) | |
 Empire of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) |  Emperor Yohannes IV | 11 Jul 1837 | 11 Jul 1871 | Crown Prince Araya Selassie Yohannes (1869/70) | |
 Kingdom of Sweden & Norway |  King Oscar II | 21 Jan 1829 | 18 Sep 1872 |  Queen Sophia (1836) |  Crown Prince Gustaf (1858) |
| Sultanate of Morocco |  Sultan Hassan I | 1857 | 1873 | ||
 Kingdom of Hawaii |  King Kalākaua | 16 Nov 1836 | 12 Feb 1874 | ||
 Kingdom of Spain |  King Alfonso XII | 28 Nov 1857 | 29 Dec 1874 |  Infanta Isabel, Princess of Asturias (1851) | |
 Chinese Empire | Guangxu Emperor | 14 Aug 1871 | 25 Feb 1875 |
Emperor Pedro II and Empress Teresa Cristina at the Pavilion of Brazil at the Universal Exhibition of 1876
Monarchies of a status lower than "kingdom," or not fully independent, are listed above only if their flags appear below on this cloth (sold in Philadelphia at the Exposition).
Image from the collection of Nicholas Artimovich, Vexillologist