| Country | Sovereign | Born | Acceded | Consort (born) | Heir (born) |
 Austro-Hungarian Empire |  Emperor Franz Joseph I | 18 Aug 1830 | 2 Dec 1848 |  Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1863) | |
 Principality of Liechtenstein |  Prince Johann II | 5 Oct 1840 | 12 Nov 1858 |  Prince Franz (1853) | |
 Principality of Montenegro |  Prince Nikola I | 7 Oct 1841 | 13 Aug 1860 |  Princess Milena (1847) |  Her. Prince Danilo (1871) |
 Kingdom of Greece |  King George I | 24 Dec 1845 | 27 Jun 1863 |  Queen Olga (1851) |  Crown Prince Constantine (1868) |
 Kingdom of Belgium |  King Leopold II | 9 Apr 1835 | 17 Dec 1865 |  Prince Albert (1875) | |
 Kingdom of Romania |  King Carol I | 20 Apr 1839 | 20 Apr 1866 |  Queen Elisabeth (1843) |  Crown Prince Ferdinand (1865) |
 Ottoman Empire |  Sultan Abdul Hamid II | 22 Sep 1842 | 31 Aug 1876 | ||
 Kingdom of Spain |  King Alfonso XIII | 17 May 1886 | 17 May 1886 |  Infanta Mercedes, Princess of Asturias (1880) | |
 Principality of Bulgaria |  Prince Ferdinand I | 26 Feb 1861 | 7 Jul 1887 |  Her. Prince Boris (1894) | |
 German Empire |  Emperor Wilhelm II | 27 Jan 1859 | 15 Jun 1888 |  Empress Auguste (1858) |  Crown Prince Wilhelm (1882) |
 Principality of Monaco |  Prince Albert I | 13 Nov 1848 | 10 Sep 1889 |  Princess Alice (1858) |  Her. Prince Louis (1870) |
 Kingdom of Portugal |  King Carlos I | 28 Sep 1863 | 19 Oct 1889 |  Queen Amelia (1865) |  Crown Prince Luis Filipe (1887) |
 Kingdom of the Netherlands |
 Queen Wilhelmina | 31 Aug 1880 | 23 Nov 1890 |  Prince Hendrik (1876) |  Wilhelm Ernst, Her. Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1876) |
 Russian Empire |  Emperor Nicholas II | 18 May 1868 | 1 Nov 1894 |  Empress Alexandra (1872) |  Tsarevich Alexei (1904) |
 Kingdom of Italy |  King Victor Emanuel III | 11 Nov 1869 | 29 Jul 1900 |  Queen Helena (1873) |  Crown Prince Umberto (1904) |
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |  King Edward VII | 9 Nov 1841 | 22 Jan 1901 |  Queen Alexandra (1844) |  Prince George, Prince of Wales (1865) |
 Kingdom of Serbia |  King Peter I | 11 Jul 1844 | 12 Jun 1903 |  Crown Prince George (1887) | |
 Grand Duchy of Luxemburg |  Grand Duke Guillaume IV | 22 Apr 1852 | 17 Nov 1905 |  Grand Duchess Maria Anna (1861) |  Princess Marie Adelaide (1894) |
 Kingdom of Norway |  King Haakon VII | 3 Aug 1872 | 18 Nov 1905 |  Queen Maud (1869) |  Crown Prince Olav (1903) |
 Kingdom of Denmark |  King Frederik VIII | 3 Jun 1843 | 29 Jan 1906 |  Queen Louise (1851) |  Crown Prince Christian (1870) |
 Kingdom of Sweden |  King Gustaf V | 16 Jun 1858 | 8 Dec 1907 |  Queen Victoria (1862) |  Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf (1882) |
(Eighteen ninety-seven was the year of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, as 2012 was the year of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee. So the reign of Queen Victoria at this time was analogous to the reign of Elizabeth II today, 115 years later. A man who turned 34 in the year of Victoria's Diamond Jubilee would have been born in 1863, as I having been born in 1978 turned 34 in the year of Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee.)